Bergamot essential oil (olio essenziale di bergamotto)

A review of the oil names limonene, linalool and linalyl acetate among its volatile constituents and bergapten, a psoralen, in the part that does not evaporate. No shares are given here: the review’s ranges come without a sample count or method.

Read the essay · The card · Next station: extraction · The molecule

The record

Each field carries its evidence: open a chip for the source, the quoted words and the confidence. A field with nothing behind it says so and stays empty.

Name

bergamot essential oil (olio essenziale di bergamotto)

documented

La denominazione di origine protetta " Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria - olio essenziale" è riservata esclusivamente all'olio essenziale estratto con il metodo cold pressed dal frutto Citrus Bergamia Risso nelle varietà Femminello, Castagnaro e Fantastico, prodotti negli impianti iscritti nel corrispondente albo dei bergamotteti che sarà tenuto presso l'organismo di controllo.

PDO-1 · Disciplinare per la denominazione di origine protetta “Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria – oli · read 2026-09-30

confidence A

Kind

natural

perfumery convention

the trade’s shared vocabulary; no single source

a pressed oil of the fruit peel

confidence B

Botanical

Citrus bergamia Risso

documented

La denominazione di origine protetta " Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria - olio essenziale" è riservata esclusivamente all'olio essenziale estratto con il metodo cold pressed dal frutto Citrus Bergamia Risso nelle varietà Femminello, Castagnaro e Fantastico, prodotti negli impianti iscritti nel corrispondente albo dei bergamotteti che sarà tenuto presso l'organismo di controllo.

PDO-1 · Disciplinare per la denominazione di origine protetta “Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria – oli · read 2026-09-30

confidence A

Part

the peel of the fruit

documented

Bergamot fruit is mainly used for its essential oils (bergamot essential oil: BEO) that are obtained by rasping and cold pressing the fruit peel.

GC-3 · Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G · read 2026-09-30

confidence A

Extraction

cold expression

documented

L'estrazione dell'olio essenziale deve essere effettuata a freddo con macchine pelatrici utilizzando unicamente acqua in pressione e nebulizzata.

PDO-1 · Disciplinare per la denominazione di origine protetta “Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria – oli · read 2026-09-30

confidence A

Grade

not on record

not on record

no grade on record for the house; the PDO designation is on the origin record, and GC-3 names the furocoumarin-free oil as a safety practice (register row 2286)

Descriptors

characteristic, pleasant, fresh, recalling the bergamot’s peel

documented

odore: caratteristico, gradevole, fresco, richiamante quello del pericarpo del Bergamotto;

PDO-1 · Disciplinare per la denominazione di origine protetta “Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria – oli · read 2026-09-30

the specification’s odour line, in English; colour “da verde a giallo verdastro”, green to greenish yellow (PDO-1)

confidence A

Regulation

• IFRA Standard: Bergamot oil expressed
• IFRA Standard: Citrus oils and other furocoumarins containing essential oils
• Regulation (EU) 2023/1545 (labelling of fragrance allergens)

documented

IFRA-087, IFRA-089, EU-2023-1545: each record above quotes its entry.

Price band

not on record

not on record

nothing on the site is for sale and raw-material prices are left out until the sourcing phase (the decisions log)

Harvest and processing

• picking of the fruit (harvest): by hand or by machine, without damaging the peel
  documented

  La raccolta dei frutti è manuale o meccanizzata su fratti che presentano una colorazione virante dal verde al giallo e deve comunque essere effettuata con modalità atte a non ledere l'integrità della buccia.

  PDO-1 · Disciplinare per la denominazione di origine protetta “Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria – oli · read 2026-09-30

  the PDO specification “Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria – olio essenziale” (Art. 4): a requirement of the designation

  confidence A

  ; when: when the fruit’s colour is turning from green to yellow
  documented

  La raccolta dei frutti è manuale o meccanizzata su fratti che presentano una colorazione virante dal verde al giallo e deve comunque essere effettuata con modalità atte a non ledere l'integrità della buccia.

  PDO-1 · Disciplinare per la denominazione di origine protetta “Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria – oli · read 2026-09-30

  the specification sets no months

  confidence A

  record

Constituents

• Limonene · share not on record
  identity: documented

  They include monoterpene limonene (25–53%) and high quantities of oxygenated compounds, such as linalool (2–20%), linalyl acetate (15–40%), γ-terpinene, and β-pinene (Mondello et al., 1998).

  GC-3 · Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G · read 2026-09-30

  named by a review of the oil (a secondary witness; cited there to Mondello et al. 1998)

  confidence B

  share: not on record

  GC-3 (a review) gives a range for this constituent, cited to one study, with no sample count or method stated; under the site’s rule no share is shown

• linalyl acetate · share not on record
  identity: documented

  They include monoterpene limonene (25–53%) and high quantities of oxygenated compounds, such as linalool (2–20%), linalyl acetate (15–40%), γ-terpinene, and β-pinene (Mondello et al., 1998).

  GC-3 · Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G · read 2026-09-30

  named by the same review sentence as limonene; the page’s “principal molecule” for bergamot

  confidence B

  share: not on record

  GC-3 (a review) gives a range for this constituent, cited to one study, with no sample count or method stated; under the site’s rule no share is shown

• linalool · share not on record
  identity: documented

  They include monoterpene limonene (25–53%) and high quantities of oxygenated compounds, such as linalool (2–20%), linalyl acetate (15–40%), γ-terpinene, and β-pinene (Mondello et al., 1998).

  GC-3 · Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G · read 2026-09-30

  named by the same review sentence

  confidence B

  share: not on record

  GC-3 (a review) gives a range for this constituent, cited to one study, with no sample count or method stated; under the site’s rule no share is shown

• Bergapten · share not on record
  identity: documented

  The non-volatile fraction (4–7% of total) contains pigments, waxes, coumarins, and psoralens (such as 5-methoxypsoralen, also known as bergapten or 5-MOP, contained in about 0.2%), as well as bergamottine [5-geranyloxypsoralen]) (Dugo et al., 2000).

  GC-3 · Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G · read 2026-09-30

  a psoralen of the oil’s non-volatile fraction (5-methoxypsoralen); cited there to Dugo et al. 2000

  confidence B

  share: not on record

  GC-3 gives “about 0.2%” in the oil, one figure with no sample count or method: not shown

In teaching accords

• The chypre skeleton
• A cologne
• The fougère skeleton

In history

• Fougère Royale: Houbigant, 1882 or 1884

Films and plates

• SPEC-7 · bergamot: the /materials specimen still · still
• OR-7 · bergamot: the origin film (the field to the bench) · queued: the master queue lists OR-7 as queued (the render queue’s list, read 2026-09-30); no path until it is rendered and published
  a render-time texture (Leafy Grass; a render input only): "Leafy Grass", Charlotte Baglioni (Poly Haven), CC0 1.0; a render-time texture (Bark Brown 02; a render input only): "Bark Brown 02", Rob Tuytel (Poly Haven), CC0 1.0

Claims register

Every sentence and number the site states about this record, with its status after the 2026-09-27 review.

• softened · Raw bergamot contains bergapten, a furanocoumarin that can make skin sensitive to sunlight — which is why perfumery generally uses bergapten-free (FCF) grades. (was: Raw bergamot contains bergapten, a furanocoumarin that causes photosensitivity — modern perfumery uses bergapten-free (FCF) versions.)
  documented · register row 2286

  GC-3 · Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G · read 2026-09-30

  GC-3 documents bergapten in the oil (GC-3), its phototoxic effects (GC-3) and that it “should be removed … thus resulting a furocoumarin-free BEO” (GC-3): the first half is supported; “perfumery generally uses” is a statement about practice that the review makes only as a recommendation

  where the site says it: /materials, “Calabrian Bergamot”

  confidence B

Sources

1. PDO-1 · Disciplinare per la denominazione di origine protetta “Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria – olio essenziale” (the Italian PDO production specification, six articles and Annex A). Ministero dell’agricoltura, della sovranità alimentare e delle foreste (MASAF), Disciplinari DOP e IGP prodotti agricoli, 2.10 Olii Essenziali; PDF, undated. www.masaf.gov.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeAttachment.p… · read 2026-09-30
2. GC-3 · Navarra M, Mannucci C, Delbò M, Calapai G. Citrus bergamia essential oil: from basic research to clinical application. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2015;6:36. DOI 10.3389/fphar.2015.00036. PMID 25784877. PMCID PMC4345801. doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2015.00036 · read 2026-09-30 · CC BY (open access, as the article states); short quotes only, the text is not filed
3. IFRA-087 · International Fragrance Association (IFRA). IFRA Standard: Bergamot oil expressed, Amendment 49 (2020). Geneva: IFRA Standards Library. d3t14p1xronwr0.cloudfront.net/docs/standards/IFR… · read 2026-09-30 · published by IFRA; no reuse licence stated; quoted
4. IFRA-089 · International Fragrance Association (IFRA). IFRA Standard: Citrus oils and other furocoumarins containing essential oils, Amendment 49 (2020). Geneva: IFRA Standards Library. d3t14p1xronwr0.cloudfront.net/docs/standards/IFR… · read 2026-09-30 · published by IFRA; no reuse licence stated; quoted
5. EU-2023-1545 · Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/1545 of 26 July 2023 (labelling of fragrance allergens). OJ L 188, 27.7.2023, p. 1. eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1545/oj · read 2026-09-30 · EU legislation; reuse terms not re-read (UNVERIFIED); quoted

These records are published under CC BY 4.0.

this record as data: /data/material/bergamot-essential-oil.json · version 3 · updated 2026-09-30 · confidence A