{
 "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
 "id": "bergamot-essential-oil",
 "type": "Material",
 "version": 3,
 "updated": "2026-09-30",
 "station": 2,
 "confidence": "A",
 "sources": [
  "PDO-1",
  "GC-3",
  "IFRA-087",
  "IFRA-089",
  "EU-2023-1545"
 ],
 "notes": "The PDO’s Art. 5 names GC and HPLC as its instrumental analyses but prints no constituent ranges (docs/sources/PDO-1-masaf-bergamotto-reggio-calabria.md:46).",
 "name": {
  "value": "bergamot essential oil (olio essenziale di bergamotto)",
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "PDO-1",
  "where": "docs/sources/PDO-1-masaf-bergamotto-reggio-calabria.md:16",
  "quote": "La denominazione di origine protetta \" Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria - olio essenziale\" è riservata esclusivamente all'olio essenziale estratto con il metodo cold pressed dal frutto Citrus Bergamia Risso nelle varietà Femminello, Castagnaro e Fantastico, prodotti negli impianti iscritti nel corrispondente albo dei bergamotteti che sarà tenuto presso l'organismo di controllo.",
  "confidence": "A"
 },
 "kind": {
  "value": "natural",
  "evidence": "perfumery convention",
  "source": null,
  "where": null,
  "note": "a pressed oil of the fruit peel",
  "confidence": "B"
 },
 "botanical": {
  "value": "citrus-bergamia",
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "PDO-1",
  "where": "docs/sources/PDO-1-masaf-bergamotto-reggio-calabria.md:16",
  "quote": "La denominazione di origine protetta \" Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria - olio essenziale\" è riservata esclusivamente all'olio essenziale estratto con il metodo cold pressed dal frutto Citrus Bergamia Risso nelle varietà Femminello, Castagnaro e Fantastico, prodotti negli impianti iscritti nel corrispondente albo dei bergamotteti che sarà tenuto presso l'organismo di controllo.",
  "confidence": "A"
 },
 "part": {
  "value": "the peel of the fruit",
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "GC-3",
  "where": "docs/sources/GC-3-navarra-2015-bergamot-oil.md:19",
  "quote": "Bergamot fruit is mainly used for its essential oils (bergamot essential oil: BEO) that are obtained by rasping and cold pressing the fruit peel.",
  "confidence": "A"
 },
 "extraction": {
  "value": "cold-expression",
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "PDO-1",
  "where": "docs/sources/PDO-1-masaf-bergamotto-reggio-calabria.md:28",
  "quote": "L'estrazione dell'olio essenziale deve essere effettuata a freddo con macchine pelatrici utilizzando unicamente acqua in pressione e nebulizzata.",
  "confidence": "A"
 },
 "processes": [
  "bergamot-picking"
 ],
 "grade": {
  "value": null,
  "evidence": null,
  "source": null,
  "where": null,
  "confidence": null,
  "note": "no grade on record for the house; the PDO designation is on the origin record, and GC-3 names the furocoumarin-free oil as a safety practice (claims.csv 2286)"
 },
 "descriptors": {
  "value": [
   "characteristic",
   "pleasant",
   "fresh",
   "recalling the bergamot’s peel"
  ],
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "PDO-1",
  "where": "docs/sources/PDO-1-masaf-bergamotto-reggio-calabria.md:40",
  "quote": "odore: caratteristico, gradevole, fresco, richiamante quello del pericarpo del Bergamotto;",
  "confidence": "A",
  "note": "the specification’s odour line, in English; colour “da verde a giallo verdastro”, green to greenish yellow (docs/sources/PDO-1-masaf-bergamotto-reggio-calabria.md:43)"
 },
 "constituents": [
  {
   "molecule": "limonene",
   "identity": {
    "value": true,
    "evidence": "documented",
    "source": "GC-3",
    "where": "docs/sources/GC-3-navarra-2015-bergamot-oil.md:22",
    "quote": "They include monoterpene limonene (25–53%) and high quantities of oxygenated compounds, such as linalool (2–20%), linalyl acetate (15–40%), γ-terpinene, and β-pinene (Mondello et al., 1998).",
    "confidence": "B",
    "note": "named by a review of the oil (a secondary witness; cited there to Mondello et al. 1998)"
   },
   "share": {
    "value": null,
    "evidence": null,
    "source": null,
    "where": null,
    "confidence": null,
    "note": "GC-3 (a review) gives a range for this constituent, cited to one study, with no sample count or method stated; under the site’s rule no share is shown"
   },
   "rank": {
    "value": null,
    "evidence": null,
    "source": null,
    "where": null,
    "confidence": null,
    "note": "no multi-sample analysis with medium and method is filed"
   }
  },
  {
   "molecule": "linalyl-acetate",
   "identity": {
    "value": true,
    "evidence": "documented",
    "source": "GC-3",
    "where": "docs/sources/GC-3-navarra-2015-bergamot-oil.md:22",
    "quote": "They include monoterpene limonene (25–53%) and high quantities of oxygenated compounds, such as linalool (2–20%), linalyl acetate (15–40%), γ-terpinene, and β-pinene (Mondello et al., 1998).",
    "confidence": "B",
    "note": "named by the same review sentence as limonene; the page’s “principal molecule” for bergamot"
   },
   "share": {
    "value": null,
    "evidence": null,
    "source": null,
    "where": null,
    "confidence": null,
    "note": "GC-3 (a review) gives a range for this constituent, cited to one study, with no sample count or method stated; under the site’s rule no share is shown"
   },
   "rank": {
    "value": null,
    "evidence": null,
    "source": null,
    "where": null,
    "confidence": null,
    "note": "no multi-sample analysis with medium and method is filed"
   }
  },
  {
   "molecule": "linalool",
   "identity": {
    "value": true,
    "evidence": "documented",
    "source": "GC-3",
    "where": "docs/sources/GC-3-navarra-2015-bergamot-oil.md:22",
    "quote": "They include monoterpene limonene (25–53%) and high quantities of oxygenated compounds, such as linalool (2–20%), linalyl acetate (15–40%), γ-terpinene, and β-pinene (Mondello et al., 1998).",
    "confidence": "B",
    "note": "named by the same review sentence"
   },
   "share": {
    "value": null,
    "evidence": null,
    "source": null,
    "where": null,
    "confidence": null,
    "note": "GC-3 (a review) gives a range for this constituent, cited to one study, with no sample count or method stated; under the site’s rule no share is shown"
   },
   "rank": {
    "value": null,
    "evidence": null,
    "source": null,
    "where": null,
    "confidence": null,
    "note": "no multi-sample analysis with medium and method is filed"
   }
  },
  {
   "molecule": "bergapten",
   "identity": {
    "value": true,
    "evidence": "documented",
    "source": "GC-3",
    "where": "docs/sources/GC-3-navarra-2015-bergamot-oil.md:25",
    "quote": "The non-volatile fraction (4–7% of total) contains pigments, waxes, coumarins, and psoralens (such as 5-methoxypsoralen, also known as bergapten or 5-MOP, contained in about 0.2%), as well as bergamottine [5-geranyloxypsoralen]) (Dugo et al., 2000).",
    "confidence": "B",
    "note": "a psoralen of the oil’s non-volatile fraction (5-methoxypsoralen); cited there to Dugo et al. 2000"
   },
   "share": {
    "value": null,
    "evidence": null,
    "source": null,
    "where": null,
    "confidence": null,
    "note": "GC-3 gives “about 0.2%” in the oil, one figure with no sample count or method: not shown"
   },
   "rank": {
    "value": null,
    "evidence": null,
    "source": null,
    "where": null,
    "confidence": null,
    "note": "no multi-sample analysis with medium and method is filed"
   }
  }
 ],
 "regulation": {
  "value": [
   "ifra-bergamot-oil-expressed",
   "ifra-citrus-furocoumarins",
   "eu-2023-1545"
  ],
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "IFRA-087",
  "sources": [
   "IFRA-089",
   "EU-2023-1545"
  ],
  "where": "docs/sources/IFRA-087-bergamot-oil-expressed.md:17",
  "quote": "CAS-No.: 8007-75-8 89957-91-5",
  "confidence": "A",
  "note": "Lane 20: the Regulation records that apply to it (educational summaries as of 2026-09-30; not compliance advice)"
 },
 "price_band": {
  "value": null,
  "evidence": null,
  "source": null,
  "where": null,
  "confidence": null,
  "note": "nothing on the site is for sale and raw-material prices are left out until the sourcing phase (DECISIONS_LOG P2-2)"
 },
 "media": [
  "spec-bergamot",
  "or-7-film"
 ],
 "links": {
  "essay": "/materials#origin-bergamot",
  "card": "/materials#naturals",
  "extraction": "/science#extraction",
  "molecule": "/molecule/linalyl-acetate"
 },
 "copy": {
  "lede": "Bergamot essential oil is pressed cold from the peel of Citrus bergamia. The Reggio Calabria designation describes its odour as fresh and recalling the peel, and its colour as green to greenish yellow.",
  "body": [
   "A review of the oil names limonene, linalool and linalyl acetate among its volatile constituents and bergapten, a psoralen, in the part that does not evaporate. No shares are given here: the review’s ranges come without a sample count or method."
  ]
 },
 "descriptor_links": [
  {
   "as_used": "fresh",
   "descriptor": "fresh"
  },
  {
   "as_used": "recalling the bergamot’s peel",
   "descriptor": "citrus"
  }
 ]
}