{
 "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
 "id": "carthage-labdanum-sample",
 "type": "HistoricalEvent",
 "version": 1,
 "updated": "2026-09-30",
 "station": 12,
 "confidence": "C",
 "sources": [
  "CIS-1"
 ],
 "title": "A resin in a Carthaginian tomb, identified as labdanum (6th–5th century BC)",
 "date": {
  "value": "6th–5th century BC",
  "precision": "century",
  "year": -600,
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "CIS-1",
  "where": "docs/sources/CIS-1-gago-2025-cistus-ladanifer.md:24",
  "quote": "A resinous archeological sample from a tomb in Carthago (6th–5th century BC), housed in the Fragonard Museum (Grasse, France), was identified as labdanum, resin of the Cistus species, although no direct documentation supported this identification",
  "confidence": "B"
 },
 "kind": "archaeology",
 "what": {
  "value": "A resinous sample from a tomb in Carthage, now in the Fragonard Museum in Grasse, was identified as labdanum, though no direct documentation supports the identification.",
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "CIS-1",
  "where": "docs/sources/CIS-1-gago-2025-cistus-ladanifer.md:24",
  "quote": "A resinous archeological sample from a tomb in Carthago (6th–5th century BC), housed in the Fragonard Museum (Grasse, France), was identified as labdanum, resin of the Cistus species, although no direct documentation supported this identification",
  "confidence": "B"
 },
 "label": "probable",
 "place": {
  "value": "Carthage (the sample is in the Fragonard Museum, Grasse)",
  "evidence": "documented",
  "source": "CIS-1",
  "where": "docs/sources/CIS-1-gago-2025-cistus-ladanifer.md:24",
  "quote": "A resinous archeological sample from a tomb in Carthago (6th–5th century BC), housed in the Fragonard Museum (Grasse, France), was identified as labdanum, resin of the Cistus species, although no direct documentation supported this identification",
  "confidence": "B"
 },
 "actors": [],
 "disagreements": [],
 "molecules": [],
 "materials": [
  "labdanum-absolute"
 ],
 "botanicals": [
  "cistus-ladanifer"
 ],
 "origins": [],
 "perfumers": [],
 "fragrances": [],
 "regulations": [],
 "accords": [
  "amber-teaching-accord"
 ],
 "media": [],
 "links": {
  "essay": "/history#mega-timeline"
 },
 "copy": {
  "lede": "A resin from a Carthaginian tomb of the 6th–5th century BC has been identified as labdanum.",
  "body": [
   "The label is \"probable\", not \"documented\": the review that reports it says that no direct documentation supports the identification."
  ]
 }
}